—Kaniz Kakon—

Democracy and human rights are deeply intertwined, which form the foundation of a just and equitable society. Yet, the successful integration of these two principles remains a challenge in many parts of the world. Democracy relies on freedom, equality, and respect for human dignity, all safeguarded by human rights frameworks. Human rights, in turn, are best realized and protected within democratic systems. As highlighted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), democracy reflects the will of the people, expressed through periodic and genuine elections by universal suffrage.

The integration of democracy and human rights is essential for empowering individuals to participate in governance while holding institutions accountable. Fundamental freedoms, such as expression, association, and opinion, provide the framework for citizens to shape their societies. Civil and political rights ensure equitable opportunities, while economic, social, and cultural rights guarantee dignity and equality. However, uniting these elements requires robust institutions, transparent governance, and inclusivity, without which democracy risks becoming hollow.

Political philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized that governance must protect individual rights while serving the collective good. Karl Marx, however, warned of how economic inequality can erode democratic institutions, concentrating power among elites and marginalizing vulnerable groups. These insights highlight the importance of bridging the gaps between democracy and rights to ensure fairness and justice. Hannah Arendt’s analysis of totalitarianism further underscores how the collapse of democratic principles can lead to systemic human rights violations.

Globally, both successes and failures highlight the pressing need to unite democracy and human rights. Myanmar’s military coup and suppression of liberties demonstrate the catastrophic impact of severing democracy from human rights. In Zimbabwe, corruption and instability have eroded democratic structures, while protests in Iran underscore the cost of authoritarian governance. Even in established democracies like the United States, systemic racism and inequality expose failures in fully uniting these ideals. Nigerian novelist and poet Chinua Achebe’s famous novel “Anthills of the Savannah” vividly illustrates these challenges, depicting a fictional post-colonial African nation grappling with corruption and systemic exclusion. The novel’s themes of resistance and the voices of marginalized communities resonate with the necessity of integrating democratic values and human rights.

Modern technology introduces new dimensions to democracy and human rights. Digital platforms have increased citizen engagement but also amplified challenges such as misinformation, polarization, and suppression of dissent. Regulating digital spaces is critical to ensuring technology strengthens democracy rather than undermining it. Countries like Estonia, with their innovative digital governance, show how technology can be leveraged effectively to promote participation and protect rights.

For Bangladesh, uniting democracy and human rights is more urgent than ever. Despite economic growth, allegations of election manipulation, press restrictions, and systemic exclusion of marginalized groups highlight significant gaps in democratic practices. These challenges are not only political but also deeply cultural and institutional. The judiciary must be strengthened to act independently, upholding the rule of law without political interference. Civil society organizations and grassroots movements are crucial in bridging gaps between the government and the people; ensuring governance reflects citizens’ aspirations. However, meaningful political and societal reforms are essential before elections can truly reflect democratic values. Long-standing bad practices in Bangladesh’s political culture have deeply undermined democratic practices. While free and fair elections are vital, ensuring they remain corruption-free requires robust legal, social, and institutional frameworks. Reforming law enforcement, fostering civic responsibility, and dismantling entrenched patronage systems are essential for building a sustainable democracy.

Education is another pivotal factor in integrating democracy and human rights. By promoting civic education and raising awareness about rights, societies can cultivate a more informed and engaged citizenry. This is particularly crucial in Bangladesh, where many remain unaware of their democratic rights and responsibilities. Encouraging youth participation in governance and creating platforms for their voices can further strengthen the country’s democratic fabric.

Impunity, erosion of the rule of law, and unequal access to justice weaken democratic institutions and hinder the realization of human rights. These issues intersect with global challenges like rising inequality and counter-terrorism measures that infringe on rights. Addressing these challenges requires prioritizing human rights alongside democratic principles, ensuring transparent governance and equal opportunities for all. International partnerships can provide valuable resources and expertise to support domestic efforts in fostering democracy and human rights.

Strengthening democracy in Bangladesh requires a steadfast commitment to transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, essential to fostering trust between the government and its people. These values must go beyond rhetoric to become practical pillars of governance. The international community, including organizations such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), plays a vital role by providing advocacy, technical assistance, and capacity-building support to bolster democratic progress. While free and fair elections, the protection of fundamental freedoms, and institutional reforms are crucial, they cannot stand alone. Without these reforms, democracy risks becoming like a tree planted in infertile soil—lacking the depth and nourishment needed to grow and thrive. True democratic success requires deep roots, nurtured by strong institutions, a corruption-free culture, and active, engaged citizens who hold their leaders accountable. By committing to these principles, Bangladesh can create a future where democracy and human rights are not just aspirations but realities, paving the way for a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable society for all.

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The writer is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy at IUBAT and pursuing a Masters in Human Rights and Multiculturalism at University of South Eastern Norway.